Excluded athletes were those who did not complete any season of US football training because of injury, illness, or leaving the team. Objective To address the emergence and progression of multiple independent factors associated with CV risk across serial years of collegiate US football participation.ĭesign, Setting, and Participants Collegiate US football athletes from 2 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I programs were recruited as freshmen between June 2014 and June 2017 and analyzed at multiple points throughout 3 complete years of collegiate US football participation (until January 2019). However, responsible maladaptive CV phenotypes have not been fully characterized. Importance Former US football athletes are at increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality compared with the general population and other professional athletes. Shared Decision Making and Communication.Scientific Discovery and the Future of Medicine.Health Care Economics, Insurance, Payment.
